Revista Mexicana Ciencias Agrícolas   volume 12   number 2   February 15 - March 31, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v12i2.2847

 Article

Impact of cover, ecotype and endomycorrhizae on morphology
and quality of piquin chili

Rosalinda Mendoza-Villarreal1

Valentín Robledo-Torres1

Miguel Ángel Pérez-Rodríguez1

Reyna Roxana Guillén-Enríquez2

Víctor Martínez-Cueto1

José Rafael Paredes-Jácome

1Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University. Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. ZC. 25315. (rosalindamendoza@hotmail.com; robledo3031@gmail.com; miguel-cbg@hotmail.com; vimarc59@yahoo.com.mx). 2National Technology of Mexico-Campus Technological Institute of Torreón. Old Highway Torreón-San Pedro km 7.5, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico. ZC. 27170. (reguillen@outlook.com). 3Doctorate of Science in Protected Agriculture-Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University, Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico. ZC. 25315.

§Corresponding author: rafael-2893@hotmail.com.

Abstract

The research was carried out with piquin chili ecotypes from the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Zacatecas. Piquin chili plants were evaluated in its second year of production. Two environments were used: a) macro tunnels of white mesh, red, blue, black raschel type with 30% shade; and b) open field with 100% light transmission. 50 spores of a conglomerate of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Sclerocystis coremioides and Gigaspora albida) were inoculated directly to the radical system. A factorial arrangement 5 x 6 x 2 (cover, ecotypes and mycorrhizae) was used and its distribution corresponded to a random block design with four repetitions. The yield and some morphological characteristics of the plant were evaluated such as plant height (AP), stem diameter (DT), root length (LR), fresh plant weight (PFP), dry weight of the plant (PSP), fresh root weight (PFR), dry root weight (PSR), yield per plant (RPP). The results indicate that the white mesh favored the morphological characteristics of the plant with agronomics with 320% AP, 322.7% DT, 235.8% LR, 8 times PFP, 8.5 times PSP, 327.2% PFR, 5 times PSR, 6.8 times PTR, compared to plants developed in open field. In addition, the quality of piquin chili provides conditions for the development of endomycorrhizae (spores and percentage of colonization). Blue mesh with the lowest photosynthetically active radiation (RFA) positively influenced agronomic, quality variables and inoculation (number of spores and percentage of colonization). The ecotype that influenced SST, Vit C, phenols and NE was SNL and RTZ in agronomic variables and % colonization. The inoculation with the mycorrhizae consortium improved the agronomic characteristics and quality of the piquin chili fruit.

Keywords: Capsicum annuum, quality, shadow mesh, solar radiation.

Reception date: January 2021

Acceptance date: February 2021

Introduction

Piquin chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a phytogenetic resource widely distributed in Mexico, given its nature the wild form of this species is the predominant one, its fruit is usually obtained by harvesting in wild populations, but it is threatened by its genetic diversity (Pagán et al., 2010). Piquin chili has not been completely domesticated since it is observed low germination and morphological and genetic variability (García-Federico et al., 2010; Hernández-Verdugo et al., 2015).

Piquin chili yields are affected by environmental conditions, soil moisture and fertilization (Rodríguez et al., 2005). In relationto environmental factors it has been shown that direct sunlight causes more compact plants, whereas with 80% shade the plants grow quickly and become larger.  Capsicum plants’ response to different irradiance conditions may vary according to cultivar. The photoperiod, quality and quantity of sunlight coincide, directly, in the photosynthesis of plants and other phenotypic and functional characteristics (Peixoto et al., 2014).

The phenotypic responses of plants to varied light conditions have not been adequately used to modify the morpho-physiological characteristics of crops and obtain desired yield and quality (Kelly et al., 2015). The use of colored meshes is an alternative to avoid excessive radiation as with red mesh, which provides 42.6% total solar radiation (350 to 1 050 nm) and blue mesh 36% more blue light (400 to 500 nm) than black mesh (Ayala-Tafoya et al., 2015). These differences in radiation can cause differential response in photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis that produce effects on stem growth, foliar expansion, chloroplast development, chlorophyll synthesis and secondary metabolites. In cucumber the use of red and blue meshes increased yield 48.1 and 46.1% compared to the witness (Ayala-Tafoya et al., 2015).

On the other hand, the use of biofertilizers in the cultivation of piquin chili has shown positive effects on plant height, root length, increased dry biomass in saline and non-salty soils (Rueda et al., 2010). It has also been shown that mycorrhizal fungi have an affinity in different Capsicum species such as annuum, bacatum, chinense, frutescens and pubescens which confirms their positive effect (Cardona et al., 2008).

However, the application of commercial inoculums does not assure the positive effect on plant-mycorrhizal fungus synergism, due to the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in traditional production systems (Koyama et al., 2017; Caruso et al., 2018). In addition, in other crops such as tomato, mycorrhizae (Glomus mossae and Glomus cubense) have been used in liquid form (10 and 20 spores) and solid form (20 and 40 spores) and have produced beneficial results for the plant (Mujica et al., 2012).

The objective of this research work was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with native endomycorrhizae of three locations in the northeast of the country under photoselective cover and open field in the morphology and quality of piquin chili.

Materials and methods

The study was carried out, in the Horticulture Department of the Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, located at 25° 22’ north latitude and 101° 22’ west longitude, at a height of 1 580 meters above sea level. Six ecotypes of piquin chili were collected, called: MZC= Múzquiz, Coahuila; SAC= San Alberto, Coahuila; LNL= Linares, Nuevo León; SNL= Santiago, Nuevo León; PTZ= Tepetatilla Bridge, Zacatecas and RTZ= Tuxpan River, Zacatecas.

Seed planting was carried out in germinating boxes to which it was applied GA3 (500 ppm) to speed up the germination process, after one month the seedlings were transplanted into polyethylene bags with a capacity of 10 L and placed at a distance of 40 cm between plants and 1 m between grooves, as a substratum was used sphagnum peat moss (Pro Mix®) and perlite (Hortiperl®) in a proportion 2:1 (v/v). In the experiment these chili ecotypes were used in their second year of production, different luminosity environments (cover color) were used: a) macro tunnels of white mesh (MA), red (MR), blue (MA), black (MN) raschel type with 30% shade, with a hole size of 6 x 8 mm; each tunnel 4 m wide, 6 m long and 2.30 m high; and b) open field with 100% light transmission.

The crop was fertilized with nutrient solution, 25% in seedling, 50% in vegetative development, 75% in flowering and 100% in fructification. At the beginning of this evaluation, phosphorus input was reduced to 25%, with the intention that endomycorrhizae presented synergy with plant roots. The water supply was made from 0.5 to 2.5 L plant-1 day-1, with a fertigation system per stake.

The plants were inoculated after transplantation (50 spores) with a conglomerate of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Sclerocystis coremioides and Gigaspora albida), directly to the radical system, which were identified by comparative morphology (Sánchez-Sánchez et al., 2018).

These factors were evaluated by a factorial arrangement 5 x 6 x 2 (roof color:5, ecotypes:6 and mycorrhiza:2). The experimental design used corresponded to a random block with four repetitions. Microclimatic variables such as environmental temperature and relative humidity were recorded with a digital thermo hygrometer (Taylor® model 1452). Photosynthetically active radiation (RFA) was recorded with a Quantum portable sensor (Apogee® model SM-700). Measurements were made daily between 07:00 and 19:00 h, in the center of each deck, in clear sky conditions.

Morphological characteristics were evaluated in three plants by repetition and treatment, which included: plant height (AP), made with tape measure, stem diameter (DT), with a digital vernier (Digital Caliper®), 8 cuts were made, to obtain the average fruit yield per plant, were weighed with an electronic scale Rhino model Babol-100G with capacity of 100 g and resolution of 0.01 g. The dry weight of the plant (PSP) and the fresh weight of the plant (PFP) and of root (PFR) were determined on an OHAUS scale model CS-5000 with a capacity of 5 kg. To obtain the dry weight of the plant (PSP) and of root (PSR), the samples were placed on brown paper and subjected to 65°C for 48 hours on a Yamato drying stove model DX-602 and subsequently weighed on the aforementioned scale.

The number of leaves (NH), the number of fruits per plant (NFPP) was estimated by counting in each unit, evaluations were made in all experimental units. In quality variables three samples were evaluated per treatment and repetition for, total soluble solids (SST) with a digital refractometer HANNA 96-801, in which a drop of fruit pulp was placed in the cell of the apparatus, obtaining the content expressed in Brix. The content of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), in fruits was determined by the AOAC methodology (2000).

The total phenol content (FT) was determined according to the methodology reported by Kim et al. (2006), with some modifications described below, 2 g of fresh piquin chili fruit was weighed and placed in 20 mL of 80% methanol, for 12 h at 4 °C, after the time was centrifuged at 12 000 rpm for 5 min, an aliquot of 200 μl was taken from the supernatant mixed with 150 μl of the agent Folin Ciocaltaeu 2 N, 2 ml of Na2CO3 to 2% were added, leaving it incubated for 25 min and finally the absorbance was read at 735 nm in spectrophotometer (Bio-145025 BIOMATE 5 Thermo elctron Corporation), the calibration curve was made with gallic acid.

The quantification of capsaicin (CAPs) was determined in fruits with physiological maturity, by the method described by Bennet and Kirby (1965), by a spectrophotometer (Bio-145025 Biomate-5 Thermo Electron Corporation) at a wavelength of 286 nm, in which capsaicin is in its organic phase. For the determination of the concentration a calibration curve was constructed of this antioxidant (Sigma, Co) in a range 0.5 to 1.5 mg ml-1. In quality variables the evaluations were tripled for each treatment.

The number of spores was quantified by triplicate for each treatment and repetition in 100 g of soil with the method of wet sieving and decanting (Genderman and Nicolson, 1963), root cleaning and staining was performed with the Phillips and Hayman method (1970) and colonization (McGonigle, 1990) which consists of washing the roots with running water, cut them and place them in 25 ml falcon tubes, cover them with 10% KOH by 24 h at room temperature, then rinsed with plenty of running water, covered with H2O2, for 5 min, then rinsed with running water, covered roots with 10% HCl for 10 min, then HCl was decanted and without rinsing the roots, the 0.05% trypan blue solution was added by 24 h at room temperature, after time the dye was removed with the help of a sieve and they were placed in lactoglycerol, finally segments of 1 cm root were cut and deposited in a slide, were observed in an optical microscope (Axio Scope A1, Carl Zeiss, Microscopy GmbH, Gotting, Germany). The results obtained were analyzed using a variance analysis and the comparison of means by the Tukey test (p≤ 0.05), using the SAS version 9.0 statistical program.

Results and discussion

In Figure 1 the RFA was measured noting that maximum radiation is between 13 and 15 h, and in CA there is 95% higher compared to the MR who captures radiation between 350 to 1 050 nm, MB and MN are similar and the lowest absorption was carried out with MA whose radiation is between 400 and 500 nm (Ayala-Tafoya et al., 2015). In flower crops the black mesh reduces RFA between 55 and 60% depending on the season and red mesh from 41 to 51% (Arthurs et al., 2013).

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Figure 1. Photosynthetically active radiation in open field and colored meshes in piquin chili plants.

Table 1 shows the temperature values, the month with the highest record is may in open field decreasing between 1 and 2 degrees until September. It is also observed that MR and CA have similar temperature and MA decreases from 2 to 5 degrees in relation to CA. The Table 1 shows that HR increased each month until it reaches its maximum in September, also in CA the largest HR is observed only swing in September with MA and MB.

Table 1. Monthly average values of climate variables monitored in each environmental condition under open field and color meshes.

Cover

Variable

Months evaluated

May

June

July

August

September

CA

T (°C)

26.98

25.56

23.34

22.86

20.74

HR (%)

34.54

43.1

57.32

62.38

69.36

MA

T (°C)

21.45

22.34

21.55

19.33

18.44

HR (%)

34.22

42.11

55.32

63.44

70.44

MB

T (°C)

22.13

23.11

22.11

20.55

18.98

HR (%)

34.58

44.55

55.67

61.78

65.89

MN

T (°C)

22.33

22.41

22.15

20.77

20.11

HR (%)

33.77

42.33

55.65

60.43

66.51

MR

T (°C)

23.78

24.51

23.11

21.52

20.17

HR (%)

33.11

41.22

56.73

60.22

68.55

T°= temperature; HR= relative humidity.

Table 2 shows that MB positively favors agronomic variables evaluated with 320% in AP, 322.7% in DT, 235.8% in LR, 8 times the PFP, 8.5 times the PSP, 327.2% the PFR, 5 times the PSR, 6.8 times the RPP and 4.8 times the NFPP compared to CA which was the least favorable environment, perhaps under normal growing conditions of piquin chili plants these are under the shade of a tree or shrub which prevent direct radiation. The MB reflects 70% radiation allowing favorable conditions for the growth of the plant, the pearl-colored mesh increased its transmission from 700 nm which favors cucumber photosynthesis (Ayala-Tafoya et al., 2015) and consequently the growth of the plant unlike what was reported by Shahak et al. (2008) indicating that production was increased in three crops of pepper chili with 16% pearl mesh and 32% with red mesh compared to black mesh.

The ecotype that favored the aforementioned variables was RTZ, only LNL increased the LR and MZC the PSR (Table 2). However, it has been reported that each morphotype presents different to the environmental conditions as is the case with morphotypes from Oaxaca whose phenotypic characteristics are very different (Castellón Martínez et al., 2014), to those from Nuevo León, Coahuila and Zacatecas used in this study. In Table 2, it is observed that inoculation with native mycorrhizae had a favorable response with the increase of 53% in AP, 32% in DT, 70.24% in PFP, 66.9% in PSP, 72.2% in R and 28.8% in NFPP. This matches Cardona et al. (2008) who found that arbuscular mycorrhizae colonize the roots of the genus Capsicum, for this the morphological characteristics of piquin chili were improved.

Table 2. Agronomic variables of the different factors evaluated in piquin chili plants.

Cover

AP (cm)

DT (mm)

LR (cm)

PFP

(g)

PSP

(g)

PFR (g)

PSR (g)

RPP

(g)

NFPP

CA

22.94e

4.1f

15.1e

24.81e

11.34e

10.6e

4.36e

5.5f

36.52f

MN

44.62d

6.96e

28.44d

43.04d

19.56e

18.13d

7.21d

16.81d

80.1e

MR

53.69b

9.76b

29.79c

93.63b

36.59b

21.14c

11.74c

6.08c

113.08b

MA

47.25cd

9.39c

36.12a

64.13c

29.31c

24.31b

14.54b

22.8b

105.17c

MB

73.42a

13.23a

35.6ab

200.52a

96.71a

34.68a

21.32a

37.42a

177.08a

Ecotype

SAC

33.75e

6.9e

28.22e

44.85d

20.89e

19.45f

10.75d

7.09f

59.50f

MZC

42.35d

8.46c

28.28d

76.44c

34.71cd

24.37b

14.53a

26.08b

133.75b

PTZ

44.6cd

8.73c

27.8f

75.63c

32.01d

20.81c

11.24c

10.57d

70.9e

RTZ

71.25a

9.8a

29.13c

115.54a

48.73a

20.7d

10.35f

50.48a

169.31a

LNL

52.46b

9.29b

30.68a

87.44b

43.87b

25.15a

13.43b

11.93c

94.19c

SNL

46.08c

7.68d

29.73b

74.94c

37.16c

20.15e

10.7e

9.27e

78.1d

Consortium

SM

38.28b

7.31b

25.25b

58.57b

27.15b

18.03

9.05b

14.13b

88.24b

CM

58.56a

9.65a

32.69a

99.71a

45.3a

25.52a

14.62a

24.33a

113.68a

S*

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

CV (%)

9.53

5.82

8.54

13.78

14.59

9.91

14.86

5.89

5.81

AP= plant height; DT= stem diameter; LR= root length; PFP= fresh weight of plant; PSP= dry weight of plant; PFR= fresh weight of root; PSR= dry weight root; RPP= yield per plant; NFP= number of fruits per plant; RTZ= Tuxpan River, Zacatecas; PTZ= Tepetatilla Bridge, Zacatecas; LNL= Linares, Nuevo León; MZC= Múzquiz, Coahuila; SNL= Santiago, Nuevo León; SAC= San Alberto, Coahuila; MB= white mesh; MA= blue mesh; MR= red mesh; MN= black mesh; CA= open field; SM= without mycorrhiza; CM= with mycorrhiza. Means with the same letter within each column in each factor do not differ statistically (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). CV=coefficient of variation. S*= significance; **= highly significant (p≤ 0.001).

In Table 3, quality variables are presented, it is observed that for SST they are increased in fruits with 32% with MR and 37.6% in MB, vitamin C (42.9%) and total phenols also with (44.31%) MB and Capsaicin with MA 18.42%, in addition to the itching represented by Scoville units (SHU) in the MA, in the same table the ecotypes that present statistical differences for SST are the MZC and SNL ecotypes. For Vitamin C, SAC and SNL, total phenols SNL, for capsaicin and itching (US) PTZ.

Table 3. Quality variables of factors evaluated in piquin chili plants.

Cover

SST (°Brix)

Vit C (mg 100 g-1)

FT (µg EAG g-1)

CAPs (mg g-1)

U Scoville

SHU

CA

6.41c

60.85f

34.77e

2.66d

42 560d

MN

6.69c

66.3e

37.09d

3.07b

49 120b

MR

8.46a

84.29b

42.42b

2.95c

47 200c

MA

7.52b

71.24c

43.05b

3.15a

50 400a

MB

8.82a

86.96a

50.18a

3.09ab

49 440ab

Ecotype

SAC

6.71c

82.98a

34.91d

2.98bc

47 680bc

MZC

8.57a

68d

37.47c

2.93c

46 880c

PTZ

8.31a

79.95b

37.54c

3.09a

49 440a

RTZ

7.4b

78.38c

46.28b

3.02b

48 320b

LNL

7.41b

82.97a

35.82d

2.93c

46 880c

SNL

8.39a

45.21e

55.37a

3.02b

48 320b

Consortium

SM

8.31a

72.27b

40.08b

2.92b

46,720b

CM

7.29b

73.56a

42.38a

3.07a

49 120a

S*

**

**

**

**

**

CV (%)

5.09

0.85

5.79

3.98

3.98

SST= total soluble solids; Vit C= vitamin C; FT= total phenols; CAPs= capsaicin; RTZ= Tuxpan River, Zacatecas; PTZ= Tepetatilla Bridge, Zacatecas; LNL= Linares, Nuevo León; MZC= Múzquiz, Coahuila; SNL= Santiago, Nuevo León; SAC= San Alberto, Coahuila; MB=white mesh; MA= blue mesh; MR= red mesh; MN= black mesh; CA= open field; SM= without mycorrhiza; CM= with mycorrhiza. Means with the same letter within each column in each factor do not differ statistically (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). CV= coefficient of variation. S*= significance; **= highly significant (p≤ 0.001).

The CM application produced better results in vitamin C (1%), total phenols (3.87%) and capsaicin (5.13%) increasing the antioxidants of the fruit and itching, only in SST was obtained the 27% increase SM. In relation to quality a study was carried out with different chili morphtypes such as piquin and solterito which produced higher phenol and flavonoid content in addition to capsaicin (Wei et al., 2013), although mycorrhizae were not added, the tendency of morphotypes is to produce higher antioxidant content.

In Table 4 shows that when analyzing the cover separately the MB is the one that increases by 96% the number of spores and 101.4% of colonization. It is also shown that the SNL ecotype increased NE and RTZ the % colonization, in relation to inoculation with native mycorrhizae favored NE and % colonization in piquin chili plants. This is consistent with a study about papaya where it is inoculated with Glomus sp. finding an increase in the percentage of colonization (Quiñones-Aguilar et al., 2014).

Table 4. Microbiological variables of factors evaluated in piquin chili plants.

Cover

NE

% Col

CA

23.33e

16.17c

MN

36.67b

23.67b

MR

31.15cd

25.67b

MA

35.83bc

25.92b

MB

45.73a

32.57a

Ecotype

SAC

29.27c

25.58ab

MZC

34.48ab

25.42ab

PTZ

34.79ab

23.42b

RTZ

35ab

27.58a

LNL

31.56bc

23.5b

SNL

37.19a

25.08b

Consortium

SM

5.38b

2.31b

CM

62.05a

47.89a

S*

*

*

CV (%)

25.75

23.62

NE= number of spores; % Col= colonization percentage; RTZ= Tuxpan River, Zacatecas; PTZ= Tepetatilla Bridge, Zacatecas; LNL= Linares, Nuevo León; MZC= Múzquiz, Coahuila; SNL= Santiago, Nuevo León; SAC= San Alberto, Coahuila; MB= white mesh; MA= blue mesh; MR= red mesh; MN= black mesh; CA= open field; SM= without mycorrhiza; CM= with mycorrhiza. Means with the same letter within each column in each factor do not differ statistically (Tukey, p≤ 0.05).

Principal component analysis (ACP), performed for the cover type and variables evaluated Figure 3, showed that MB positively influenced in the RPP, PFR, AP, PSR, DT and NFPP variables, contrary to what was obtained with MN and CA, while the MA influenced the content of Caps and LR, in turn the MR promoted an increase in the variables  Vit C, SST, PFP and PSP, so the use of different cover promote diverse results in morphology and quality in piquin chili plants; consistent with what was reported in cucumber (Ayala-Tafoya et al., 2015) when colored meshes were used.

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Figure 3. Principal components of analyzed variables and cover type. AP= plant height; DT= stem diameter; LR= root length; PFP= fresh weight of plant; PSP= dry weight of plant; PFR= fresh weight of root; PSR= dry weight of root; RPP= yield per plant; NFP= number of fruits per plant; SST= total soluble solids; Vit C= vitamin C; FT= total phenols; CAPs= capsaicin; NE= number of spores; % Col= colonization percentage; MB= white mesh; MA= blue mesh; IN= greenhouse; MR= red mesh; MN= black mesh; CA= open field.

The ACP for ecotypes and variables evaluated Figura 4, revealed a dispersed behavior of the ecotypes evaluated; however, it emphasizes that the RTZ ecotype favors the variables AP, PSP, RPP, NFPP, DT; while SAC and PTZ ecotypes are not favored in these variables, while LNL ecotype favored the increase in PFR and PSR and MZC and SNL ecotypes influenced the quality variables, Vit C, Caps and SST, demonstrating that the ecotype plays a primary role in the variables that were evaluated. This is consistent with Wei et al. (2013) about different chili morphotypes where it finds differences in the content of capsaicin and phenols.

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Figure 4. Principal components of the analyzed variables and the ecotype. AP= plant height; DT= stem diameter; LR= root length; PFP= fresh weight of plant; PSP= dry weight of plant; PFR= fresh weight of root; PSR= dry weight of root; RPP= yield per plant; NFPP= number of fruits per plant; SST= total soluble solids; Vit C= vitamin C; FT= total phenols; CAPs= capsaicin; NE= number of spores; % Col= colonization percentage;  RTZ= Tuxpan River, Zacatecas; PTZ= Tepetatilla Bridge, Zacatecas; LNL= Linares, Nuevo León; MZC= Múzquiz, Coahuila; SNL= Santiago, Nuevo León; SAC= San Alberto, Coahuila.

The ACP with the application of mycorrhizae (CM) and the absence of these (SM) with the variables studied in Figure 5, demonstrates that there was a strong relationship in most variables evaluated when they were inoculated with mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Sclerocystis coremioides and Gigaspora albid), with the exception of Vit C and the SST variable that was increased when the mycorrhizae were not applied. Similar results were obtained in tomato when was inoculated with Glomus mossae and   G. cubense with 20 and 40 spores by increasing yield (Mújica, 2012).

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Figure 5. Principal components of the analyzed variables and Consortium. AP= plant height; D= stem diameter; LR= root length; PFP= fresh weight of plant; PSP= dry weight plant; PFR= fresh weight of root; PSR= dry weight of root; RPP= yield per plant; NFP= number of fruits per plant; SST= total soluble solids; Vit C= vitamin C; FT= total phenols; CAPs= capsaicin; NE= number of spores; % Col= colonization percentage; SM= without mycorrhizae; CM= with mycorrhizae.

Conclusions

Blue mesh with the lowest RFA had a positively impacted on the agronomic, quality and response variables to the number of spores and percentage of colonization. The SNL ecotype influenced quality variables such as SST, Vit C, phenols and NE, and RTZ on agronomic variables and % colonization. The inoculation with the mycorrhizae consortium produced favorable changes in agronomic characteristics and quality of the piquin chili fruit.

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