Revista Mexicana Ciencias Agrícolas   volume 10   number 6   August 14 - September 27, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v10i6.1658

Article

Adaptation of black bean genotypes to different environments
of Veracruz and Chiapas

Oscar Hugo Tosquy-Valle1

Bernardo Villar-Sánchez2

José Raúl Rodríguez-Rodríguez3

Francisco Javier Ibarra-Pérez1§

Rigoberto Zetina-Lezama1

Pablo Andrés-Meza4

José Luís Anaya López5

1Experimental Field Cotaxtla-INIFAP. Highway Veracruz-Córdoba km 34.5, Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz, Mexico. CP. 91700. (tosquy.oscar@inifap.gob.mx; zetina.rigoberto@inifap.gob.mx). 2Experimental Field Center of Chiapas-INIFAP. Ocozocoautla-Cintalapa road km 3.0, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas. CP. 29140. (villar.bernardo@inifap.gob.mx). 3Experimental Field Ixtacuaco-INIFAP. Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan Highway km 4.5, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz. (rodriguez.jose@inifap.gob.mx). 4Faculty of Agricultural Sciences-Veracruzana University-Peñuela Campus. Peñuela-Amatlán Highway km 177, Córdoba, Veracruz. (pandres272@gmail.com). 5Experimental Field Bajío-INIFAP. Road Celaya-San Miguel de Allende km 6.5, Celaya, Guanajuato. CP. 38000. (anaya.jose@inifap.gob.mx).

§Corresponding author: ibarra.francisco@inifap.gob.mx.

Abstract

In the present investigation, the main additive effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to determine the yield and stability of 12 lines and two varieties of opaque black beans, evaluated during 2016 and 2017, in 10 environments of Veracruz and Chiapas, Mexico. The trial was established in experimental design random blocks with three repetitions and plots of three rows of 5 m in length. The grain yield was quantified, which was analyzed individually by environment and combined (environments-genotypes) of the 10 test environments, stability parameters were also estimated with the AMMI model. The Experimental Field Ixtacuaco and Rincon Grande, Veracruz, in autumn-winter 2016-2017 under residual humidity, were the environments that combined low interaction and high productivity, making them ideal for identifying genotypes with high and stable performance. Venustiano Carranza, Chiapas, in autumn-winter of 2016-2017, El Rubi, Veracrus, in winter-spring of 2017 with irrigation and New Mexico, Chiapas, in summer of 2016, in whitewashed acid soil, were the environments that more interacted with genotypes. The Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-8 line showed the least interaction with the environment (much higher than that shown by the Negro Comapa and Negro Grijalva varieties), as well as high average yield (1 437.3 kg ha-1), while Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-2, was the most profitable line (1 504.3 kg ha-1), but its adaptation was specific, mainly in environments with edaphic acid stress in the center from Chiapas and by terminal drought in the center of Veracruz.

Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L., genotype-environment, interaction, improved lines.

Reception date: May 2019

Acceptance date: August 2019

Introduction

In Veracruz and Chiapas, Mexico, during 2016, 150 784 hectares of opaque black grain beans were sown, tropical type (SIAP, 2018), which is the one with the highest commercial demand in the southeast region of Mexico, where 37.3 is produced % of this kind of beans in the country (Rodríguez et al., 2010; FIRA, 2016). The average yield in both entities is low (<650 kg ha-1) (SIAP, 2018), because the crop is affected by biotic and abiotic factors.

In the former, the incidence of diseases such as the golden yellow bean mosaic (BGYMV), the common bean mosaic (BCMV), rust [Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger] and the angular spot [Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris] (López et al., 2006; Tosquy et al., 2012). While, in the abiotic, the most important are: the occurrence of intra-summer drought (which commonly occurs from July 20 to August 20), in the temporary plantings of the summer cycle and terminal drought, which frequently It occurs after the flowering of the crop, when the beans are established in conditions of residual humidity, in the autumn-winter cycle (Tosquy et al., 2017), as well as the planting of beans in low fertility soils, acidic and with high saturation of aluminum (Villar et al., 2003; Tosquy et al., 2008).

To contribute to solving the indicated problem, in the Cotaxtla Experimental Field Bean Improvement Program (CECOT) of the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP), lines of early and advanced generations of opaque black beans in nurseries are evaluated of adaptation and in regional tests of yield, that are conducted in different locations, humidity conditions and agricultural crop cycles, in the southeast of Mexico, in such a way, that it allows to identify the most outstanding ones by their performance, stability and adaptability and with agronomic characteristics superior to those of the varieties currently used (López et al., 2012).

To determine the stability of genotype performance, in the CECOT Bean Improvement Program, the univariate model proposed by Eberhart and Russell (1966) has been used, who propose as stability parameters, the regression coefficient (Bi) and the regression deviation (S2di), so a variety is considered stable, when Bi= 1 and S2di= 0, while other value considerations for these parameters indicate that genotypes are unstable.

In recent years, the multivariate AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) model described by Crossa et al. (1990), because it is more suitable for estimating stability, because it allows describing and interpreting the effects of IGA (Gauch Jr. and Furnas, 1991; Brancourt-Hulmel and Lecomte, 2003), in addition to being more effective for characterize the response of genotypes in environments (Williams et al., 2010; Vargas et al., 2016). The results can be plotted in a double entry biplot (CP1 vs performance biplot), where both the main effects, as well as the interaction effects, for genotypes and environments are placed, which facilitates the interpretation of the IGA (Vallejo, 2005; López et al., 2015). The objective of this research work was to identify elite lines that exceed in yield and adaptation to different production environments, to two varieties that are grown in the states of Veracruz and Chiapas.

Materials and methods

The uniform trial included 12 elite lines selected for their performance, adaptation or tolerance to one or more of the limiting factors: acid soil, drought and diseases (Garrido et al., 2017; Ibarra et al., 2017), which were generated by the INIFAP National Bean Program (four from the Papaloapan/SEN-46 cross, five from the Citlali/XRAV-187-3 black cross and three from Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3). The Negro Grijalva and Negro Comapa varieties, released by INIFAP for tropical areas of southeastern Mexico, were used as witnesses due to their high yield potential, wide adaptation and disease tolerance (Villar et al., 2009; López et al., 2012).

The trial was established in three environments in the center of the state of Chiapas and seven environments in the state of Veracruz (four in the central zone, two in the southern zone and one in the north). The location of the experimental sites, the planting cycle and the environmental condition in which the test was conducted is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Location and characteristics of experimental sites where the regional uniform performance test was conducted in Veracruz and Chiapas.

ITA-JRC= Agricultural Technology Institute of Juan Rodriguez Clara. CEIXTA= Experimental Field Ixtacuaco. S= summer cycle. AW= autumn-winter cycle. WS= winter-spring cycle. T= temporary. HR= residual humidity. CD= with dolomite application.

The genotypes were sown at a density of 250 000 plants ha-1, in experimental design randomized complete blocks with three replications and plots of three rows of 5 m in length, where the useful plot corresponded to the complete central groove. All genotypes are of habit of indeterminate growth, type II, of bushy and erect plants (Singh, 1982).

In one of the two trials of the New Mexico city, Chis., established in the summer cycle of 2016 and another of the Technological Institute of Juan Rodríguez Clara (ITA-JRC), Ver., in autumn-winter of 2016-17, before sowing 2 and 2.5 t ha-1 of dolomite lime were applied to the soil, respectively, to reach a pH that is within the optimum range of 5.5 to 7.5 and thus obtain an adequate development of the bean plants (Arias et al., 2007; Ruiz et al., 2013), the other two trials established in both locations were conducted under natural conditions of acid soil stress.

In El Rubi, Veracruz, in winter-spring of 2017, one trial was conducted with irrigation throughout the bean phenological cycle and the other with irrigation suspension, from the reproductive stage of the crop (terminal drought). It should be noted that during the conduct of the field trials there was no incidence of diseases that will affect bean yield, which was estimated in kilograms per hectare at 14% humidity.

The grain yield data were analyzed individually and in combination (genotype environments) of the 10 test environments. In cases where significance was detected, for the separation of averages the test was applied based on the significant minimum difference (DMS, α= 0.05). Likewise, the main additive effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to classify the environments and identify outstanding genotypes for their grain yield and less interaction with the environment (Gauch and Zobel, 1996).

For the analysis of variance and stability parameters, the SAS computer program (SAS Institute, 1999) was used and in the development of the AMMI analysis the recommendations of Vargas and Crossa (2000) were followed.

Results and discussion

Grain yield

According to the combined analysis, the performance varied significantly (p≤ 0.01) between environments, genotypes and in the interaction of both factors. Table 2 shows that, in Carranza, Chiapas, autumn-winter cycle of 2016-2017, under residual humidity conditions (A3), the highest average yield was obtained, which was significantly higher than the rest of the environments.

Table 2. Grain yield (kg ha-1) of black bean genotypes evaluated in 10 environments of Veracruz and Chiapas, Mexico. Summer cycles of 2016, autumn-winter of 2016-2017 and winter-spring of 2017.

T= treatment (genotype); G= genotype; A= environment; A1= New Mexico, Villaflores, Chiapas, with dolomite; A2= New Mexico, Villaflores, Chiapas, without dolomite; A3= Carranza, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas; A4= Rincón Grande, Orizaba, Veracruz; A5= El Rubi, Medellin, Veracruz; A6= Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz, with dolomite; A7= Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz, without dolomite; A8= CEIXTA, Tlapacoyan, Veracruz; A9= El Rubi, Medellin, Veracruz, irrigation; A10= El Rubi, Medellin, Veracruz, drought; *= statistically superior genotypes, according to the minimum significant difference (DMS, 0.05). Averages of environments and genotypes with the same letters in the row and column, respectively, are statistically similar according to the DMS test, 0.05.

The highest average yield obtained in this locality, was mainly due to the fact that the crop had adequate humidity during its development cycle (568 mm of rainfall in total), without occurrence of periods of terminal drought. In turn, in the environments of New Mexico, Chiapas, summer cycle 2016, under conditions of whitewashed acid soil (A1), CEIXTA, Veracruz (A8) and Rincón Grande, Veracruz (A4), both in autumn-winter of 2016-2017 with residual humidity, as well as in El Rubi, Veracruz, in winter-spring of 2017 under irrigation conditions (A9) and in autumn-winter of 2016-17 with residual humidity (A5), also high average yields were obtained, because in all cases, the humidity conditions for the development of the beans were adequate (more than 320 mm of water during the cycle, of which about 150 mm were provided through the application of irrigation or received for the rains that occurred during the reproductive stage of the crop). For an adequate development and yield of the bean crop, at least 300 mm of rainfall are well distributed during its phenological cycle, 50 to 90 mm being convenient, from flowering to pod filling (Acosta et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2013).

On the contrary, the lowest average yields were obtained at the Agricultural Technology Institute of Juan Rodríguez Clara (ITA-JRC), Veracruz, in autumn-winter 2016-17, in acid soil, with application of dolomite lime (A6) and without application of dolomite (A7) (Table 2). This was mainly due to the water stress suffered by bean plants during their phenological cycle, since in the experimental site where both trials were conducted, there was a rainfall of the sowing until the harvest of 150.4 mm, of which only 24.4 mm precipitated during the reproductive phase of the crop, specifically the stages of pod formation when filling them, which limited the development of genotypes in both soil acid conditions. The lack of moisture during flowering, the formation of pods and their filling, causes a significant decrease in grain yield, due to a reduction in the number of pods per plant and a poor filling of pods (Acosta et al., 2009).

The same table shows that; through the evaluation environments, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-2, was the most productive line, whose average grain yield was statistically similar to that of five other lines and the control varieties, Negro Comapa and Negro Grijalva This same line, together with Negro Citlali/XRAV-187-3-1-8, obtained a significantly outstanding grain yield in five of the 10 test environments. Negro Citlali/XRAV-187-3-1-8, ranked first in performance in the environments of CEIXTA, Veracruz, in autumn-winter 2016-17, as well as in the ITA-JRC, Veracruz, in the same agricultural cycle, in acid soil, with and without application of dolomite lime, where it was the one with the highest productive efficiency (Tosquy et al., 2018). Meanwhile, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-2 was located first in the environments of New Mexico, Chiapas, in summer 2016, in whitewashed acid soil, and in El Rubi, Veracruz, in winter-spring 2017, with irrigation suspension at the beginning of the reproductive stage of the crop, where it showed greater tolerance to terminal drought and productive efficiency (with irrigation and drought), than the Negro Comapa and Negro Grijalva varieties (Ibarra et al., 2018).

AMMI analysis

According to the AMMI analysis, highly significant variability was detected in the first five main components, which accumulated 96.1% in the explanation of the variance, of these five, the first three were the most important in the representation of the IGA, since they explained 81.9% of the sum of squares. According to Pereira et al. (2009), the first three main components of this analysis should explain more than 60%, to be considered sufficient and at least 70% satisfactory.

This model allowed us to identify three groups of relatively homogeneous and well-defined environments, based on their average performance and their interaction with genotypes (Williams et al., 2010). The first group included three environments from Veracruz: El CEIXTA (A8), Rincón Grande (A4) and El Rubi (A5), all of them are similar in crop cycle (AW 2016-17) and humidity condition (residual moisture with adequate distribution of rainfall). These environments combined high average grain yield, significantly higher than the general average of 1 312 kg ha-1 and low interaction with genotypes (CP 1= -6.4547, -7.9732 and -11.2433) (Table 3, Figure 1). These two characteristics, in the process of genetic improvement, make them ideal for identifying opaque black bean germplasm, with high and stable yield, for the northern areas and region of the High Mountains in the center of the state of Veracruz (López et al., 2015).

Table 3. Average yield of genotypes, environments and values of significant principal components.

CP= main component; G= genotype; A= environment; S= summer cycle; AW= autumn-winter cycle; WS= winter-spring cycle; T= temporary condition; HR= residual moisture condition; CD= with dolomite application; ITA-JRC= Agricultural Technology Institute of Juan Rodríguez Clara; CEIXTA= Experimental Field Ixtacuaco.

The second group included two environments in the ITA-JRC, Veracruz, similar in crop cycle (AW 2016-17) and humidity condition (residual moisture with terminal drought) and different in soil management: one under soil conditions acid, without application of lime dolomite (A7) and another with application of lime dolomite (A6); both environments also showed reduced interaction with genotypes (CP 1= -6.8706 and -7.0106, respectively), but low average yield, much lower than the general average (Table 3, Figure 1). This behavior observed in both environments, is mainly attributed to the severity of water stress suffered by genotypes, which commonly occurs in that beans producing area (Morales et al., 2015), which did not allow them to express their potential for performance and that the differences between the vast majority of them were minimal.

Figure 1. Main effects and interaction observed for 10 test environments. A1= New Mexico, Villaflores, Chiapas, with dolomite; A2= New Mexico, Villaflores, Chiapas, without dolomite; A3= Carranza, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas; A4= Rincón Grande, Orizaba, Veracruz; A5 = El Rubi, Medellín, Veracruz; A6= Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz, with dolomite; A7= Rodríguez Clara, Veracruz, without dolomite; A8= CEIXTA, Tlapacoyan, Veracruz; A9= El Rubi, Medellín, Veracruz, irrigation; A10= El Rubi, Medellín, Veracruz, drought.

The third group included three environments with adequate humidity during the crop cycle: Carranza, Chiapas, 2016-2017 AW cycle, with residual humidity (A3), El Rubi, Veracruz, 2017 WS cycle, with irrigation during the crop cycle (A9) and New Mexico, Chiapas, in the summer of 2016, under conditions of temporary and acid soil whitewashed with dolomite (A1), in which high average yield was observed and the highest interaction between the environment and genotypes (CP 1= -21.685, 19.6864 and 16.5182, respectively) (Table 3, Figure 1), this is mainly due to differences in the potential for performance and adaptation of genotypes in those evaluation environments, in which it was arranged of adequate humidity during crop development.

It should be noted that these three environments of high average performance, which are far from the axis of the ordinates (Figure 1) and that contributed more to the genotype-environment interaction, in certain cases, are suitable for bean production, if it has a genotype with specific adaptation to these environments (Acosta et al., 2012).

In relation to genotypes, two groups stood out: one formed with materials that showed very low interaction (close to zero) and therefore, a stable behavior (López et al., 2011), which includes the Jamapa line Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-8 (G10), which in addition to having obtained high average performance, showed the least interaction with the environment with a CP 1= 0.2246 (Table 3 and Figure 2), as well as at lines Negro Citlali/XRAV-187-3-1-6 (G5) and Papaloapan/SEN 46-7-7 (G3), which also showed reduced interaction with the environment (CP 1= -0.4576 and 1.0064, respectively), but their average yield was lower (Figure 2), these genotypes can be used in genetic improvement programs, for the generation of opaque black bean lines and varieties with wide adaptation. In the classification of genotypes for their stability, using the AMMI model, preferably those that are close t£o the axis of the ordinates should be selected, with CP 1 values equal to or close to zero (which are those that interact in a lesser degree with the environment) and show high grain yield (Vargas and Crossa 2000; Pereira et al., 2009).

Figure 2. Main effects and interaction observed for the yield of 14 black bean genotypes.

The other group consisted of three genotypes that presented high average yield but high interaction with the environment; This group includes the Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-2 (G11) line, which was the most productive and the one that interacted most with the environment (CP 1= 22.33616) (Table 3, Figure 2). This line showed specific adaptation in environments, with and without abiotic stresses: due to acid soil, in New Mexico, Chiapas, And terminal drought, in El Rubi, Veracruz, conditions in which it obtained significantly outstanding grain yields, so in the future, it may represent an option for planting in this type of soil in the center of the state of Chiapas and in autumn-winter, under conditions of residual humidity, in the state of Veracruz, where the occurrence of drought during the reproductive stage of the crop (Tosquy et al., 2014). The other two genotypes were: Negro Grijalva (G14) with CP 1= 15.4341 and Negro Comapa (G13) with CP 1= 9.7237 (Table 3, Figure 2), these two varieties showed specific adaptation to irrigation conditions and terminal drought in El Rubi, Veracruz, and edaphic acidity in New Mexico, Chiapas; Negro Comapa also showed a significant response in grain yield, to the application of dolomite lime, in the latter environment. Specific adaptation in a given area is also desirable, if the genotype shows stability over years in that area and high grain yield (Acosta et al., 2012).

These results indicate that, the stability of the performance of the genotypes evaluated is not a function of the genetic heritage from which they come, since in general, materials that were derived from the same cross, showed differences in their performance potential and adaptation to the environments test.

Conclusions

The AMMI analysis allowed to identify genotypes based on their level of interaction with the environment and grain yield. The Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-8 (G10) line was the one that showed the greatest stability in the evaluation environments (superior to that observed by the Negro Comapa and Negro Grijalva varieties), as well as high yield of grain, and therefore will be included in the validation process with cooperating farmers in the states of Veracruz and Chiapas. Meanwhile, the Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-1-2 (G11) line was the one with the highest average performance and its adaptation was specific, so its use in the environments in which it obtained yields of significantly outstanding grain, mainly under conditions of acid soil in the center of the state of Chiapas and terminal drought in the center of the state of Veracruz.

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